{"id":2329,"date":"2018-07-10T14:48:04","date_gmt":"2018-07-10T14:48:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=2329"},"modified":"2025-03-21T15:56:06","modified_gmt":"2025-03-21T08:56:06","slug":"chat-ban-dan-nguyen-chat-va-chat-ban-dan-tap-chat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=2329","title":{"rendered":"Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Ch\u00e1t
Ch\u00e1t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t (ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn thu\u1ea7n)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Hai ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn thu\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Si (14) v\u00e0 Ge (32), ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ta x\u00e9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span>Khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Si \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tinh th\u1ec3 th\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i x\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ed9n\u00a0x\u1ed9n ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. Khi \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n\u00a0nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea1nh n\u00f3, hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ea1nh nhau c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung.<\/span><\/p>\n

– M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong \u0111\u00f4i g\u00f3p chung v\u1eeba chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xung quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eeba chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ch\u1ea5t
Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u00e1ch ra tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft (l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng). Khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung \u1edf \u0111\u00f4i k\u1ec1 c\u1ea1nh d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung. S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch d\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua n\u00f3: th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng do \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed g\u00f3p chung d\u1ecbch l\u1ea5p l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do mang \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e2m, l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng mang \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn.<\/span><\/p>\n

* Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady:<\/strong> B\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n (\u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng) c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn thu\u1ea7n (b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t).<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n pha th\u00eam t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.1. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1i P<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Ta pha th\u00eam t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m III trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n (Ga, In\u2026) v\u00e0o trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si. Khi \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Ga s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si, ba \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ga s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o ba m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, c\u00f2n m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si th\u1ee9 t\u01a3 b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a3\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a3\u1ee3c b\u1eafn ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, nh\u01a3 v\u1eady l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01a3\u1ee3c, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed7ng t\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf b\u00e1n d\u1eabn c\u00f3 pha th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m III th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ch\u1ea5t
Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1i P<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

* Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady:<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1i P. L\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111a s\u1ed1. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.2. Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1i N<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Ta pha th\u00eam c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m V trong b\u1ea3ng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n (As, P\u2026) v\u00e0o trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si. Khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed P s\u1ebd thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ch\u1ea5t
Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1i N<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed P c\u00f3 n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, b\u1ed1n trong n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si \u0111\u1ee9ng xung quanh n\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ee9 n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, s\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do – l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn pha th\u00eam t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m V th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

* Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady,<\/strong> lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1n d\u1eabn m\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn t\u1ea1p lo\u1ea1i N. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t d\u1eabn \u0111a s\u1ed1, l\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t d\u1eabn thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft xin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00d4NG TY C\u1ed4 PH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC VI\u1ec6N IT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n IT.vn \u2013 Truy\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng!\u00a0<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hai ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn thu\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Si (14) v\u00e0 Ge (32), ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung l\u00e0 \u1edf l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ho\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ta x\u00e9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Si trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":95,"featured_media":12292,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[96,94],"tags":[668],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2329"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/95"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2329"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2329\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}