{"id":20723,"date":"2021-06-02T04:43:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-02T04:43:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=20723"},"modified":"2024-07-03T11:24:31","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T04:24:31","slug":"tim-hieu-kien-truc-he-dieu-hanh-android","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=20723","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u1ede b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android<\/strong><\/a>. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android nh\u00e9. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean Android ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"T\u00ecm
T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Android l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Linux \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android bao g\u1ed3m 6 ph\u1ea7n: Nh\u00e2n Linux, l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng (HAL), th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y Android, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n C\/C++ g\u1ed1c, khung API Java, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Ki\u1ebfn
Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb chi ti\u1ebft t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 6 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android.<\/span><\/p>\n

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1. Nh\u00e2n Linux (Linux Kernel)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n Linux. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Android Runtime (ART) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u00e2n Linux cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n Linux, Android c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

2. L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng (Hardware Abstraction Layer – HAL)\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng (Hardware Abstraction Layer – HAL) cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u1edbi khung API Java c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n. HAL bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4-\u0111un, m\u1ed7i m\u00f4-\u0111un th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u00f4-\u0111un camera ho\u1eb7c bluetooth. Khi m\u1ed9t API th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n truy c\u1eadp ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Android s\u1ebd t\u1ea3i m\u00f4-\u0111un cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

3. Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y Android (Android Runtime)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ea1y Android phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 5.0 (API c\u1ea5p 21) tr\u1edf l\u00ean, m\u1ed7i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1y trong quy tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Android Runtime (ART) ri\u00eang. ART \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y \u1ea3o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb th\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p DEX, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng bytecode \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho Android \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a cho b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ART bao g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi gian (AOT) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac (JIT).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Thu gom r\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a (GC).<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ean Android 9 (API c\u1ea5p 28) tr\u1edf l\u00ean, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng Dalvik Executable (DEX) c\u1ee7a g\u00f3i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y nh\u1ecf g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, bao g\u1ed3m tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng, c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n Android 5.0 (API c\u1ea5p 21), Dalvik l\u00e0 Android runtime. N\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed1t tr\u00ean ART th\u00ec \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean Dalvik nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Android c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh Java, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Java 8 m\u00e0 khung API Java s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

4. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n C\/C++ g\u1ed1c (Native C\/C++ Libraries)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a Android, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ART v\u00e0 HAL, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb m\u00e3 g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng C v\u00e0 C++. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Android cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c API khung Java \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n g\u1ed1c n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp OpenGL ES th\u00f4ng qua API Java OpenGL \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ebd v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda 2D v\u00e0 3D trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e3 C ho\u1eb7c C++, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Android NDK \u0111\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng g\u1ed1c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u00e3 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

5. Khung API Java (Java API Framework)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c API \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Java. C\u00e1c API n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng Android b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00f4-\u0111un, c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xem phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, cung c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng code.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh trong thanh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ed9i dung cho ph\u00e9p \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t API khung m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Android s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

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6. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (System Apps)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Android \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i cho email, nh\u1eafn tin SMS, l\u1ecbch, tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t internet, danh b\u1ea1… C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t web m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eafn tin SMS ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 b\u00e0n ph\u00edm m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh Android. Hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho b\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u00e0o th\u00ec h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c inbox tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho HOCVIENiT.vn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fac b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng!<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft xin vui l\u00f2ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7:
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