{"id":17759,"date":"2020-10-01T08:52:07","date_gmt":"2020-10-01T08:52:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=17759"},"modified":"2024-07-03T12:59:41","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T05:59:41","slug":"tong-hop-kien-thuc-co-ban-ve-dien-tro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=17759","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/strong> c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/strong>: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"T\u1ed5ng
T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1. \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u00a0<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec <\/span>\u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/a><\/strong> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n k\u00e9m th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1ebd l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong m\u1ecdi thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qua t\u1ea3i sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/span><\/p>\n

– M\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n \u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam: <\/span>\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o?<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cacbon v\u00e0 kim lo\u1ea1i. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 pha tr\u1ed9n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u1edbi tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 \u03a9 (Ohm) , K\u03a9 , M\u03a9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 2WW tr\u1edf l\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ean th\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m n\u00ean v\u1eadt d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

R = \u03c1.L\/S<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n

R<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb: Ohm).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u03c1<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

L<\/strong> l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i d\u00e2y d\u1eabn.<\/span><\/p>\n

S<\/strong> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y d\u1eabn.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u th\u00ec trong m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u00ec d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i. Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong m\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec7n \u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng pha.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y theo tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/h2>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.1 D\u1ef1a theo v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh<\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, ta chia \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf carbon<\/a>:<\/strong>\u00a0\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 b\u1ed9t carbon, b\u1ed9t graphite\u2026 N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf film ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed1m<\/a>:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb b\u1ed9t oxit kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c niken k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a. \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf film ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed1m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf d\u00e2y qu\u1ea5n<\/a>:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p kim Niken-Crom n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t cao.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.2 D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf, ta ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong> (Hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 1k, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 10k, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 100k\u2026): Lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf t\u1eeb 0,125W \u0111\u1ebfn 0,5W.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00e0y t\u1eeb 1W, 2W, 5W, 10W.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb dung sai th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed cao c\u1ea5p, m\u1ea1ch \u00e2m thanh\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ecb nung h\u1ecfng khi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c cho ph\u00e9p.<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf su\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Quang \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.3 D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/h3>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.3.1 \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u00e1n cho v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf than \u00e9p (cacbon film), \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf d\u00e2y qu\u1ea5n (L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t xung quanh 1 l\u00f5i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5), \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng (L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng Cacbon, kim lo\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c oxit kim lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean l\u00f5i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5).<\/span><\/p>\n

3.3.2 \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n

Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf n\u00e0y trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00fat volume \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 loa, amply\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Bi\u1ebfn tr\u1edf<\/strong> (Variable Resistor): C\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed3m 1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u00e0ng than ho\u1eb7c d\u00e2y qu\u1ea5n c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh cung, c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c xoay \u1edf gi\u1eefa n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con tr\u01b0\u1ee3t. Con tr\u01b0\u1ee3t ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 3, n\u00ean khi con tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 3 v\u00e0 1 trong 2 c\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf<\/strong>: L\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u00e2m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf quang<\/strong>: L\u00e0 linh ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb quang ph\u1ed5 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y. Quang tr\u1edf c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u00f3. C\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Quang \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1eeda t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng \u1edf camera, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n khi tr\u1eddi t\u1ed1i\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

\"M\u1ed9t
M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

4. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong m\u1ea1ch<\/span><\/h2>\n

4.1 K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong m\u1ea1ch<\/span><\/h3>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong m\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zigzag ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt (Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"K\u00fd
K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong m\u1ea1ch<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

4.2 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u00e0 \u2126 (Ohm), K\u2126, M\u2126. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/span><\/p>\n

1K\u2126 = 1000 \u2126\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1M\u2126 = 1000 K \u2126 = 1000.000 \u2126<\/span><\/p>\n

5. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf theo v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft qua b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft: \u201c<\/span>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf theo v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u<\/a><\/strong>\u201d.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6. C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf<\/span><\/h2>\n

Khi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ea1ch, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t:<\/span><\/p>\n

P = U.I = U2<\/sup>\/R =\u00a0 I2<\/sup>.R<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n

P<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (W).<\/span><\/p>\n

U<\/strong> l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf (V).<\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/strong> l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n (A).<\/span><\/p>\n

R<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (\u03a9).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf (C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ta l\u1eafp \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t danh \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y. Cho n\u00ean t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ta n\u00ean l\u1eafp \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t danh \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng 2 l\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t ti\u00eau th\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. C\u00e1ch m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/h2>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ta c\u00f3 3 c\u00e1ch m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"3
3 c\u00e1ch m\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00e1ch 1: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp<\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Rtd<\/sub> = R1<\/sub> + R2<\/sub> + R3<\/sub><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

I = (U1<\/sub>\/R1<\/sub>) = (U2<\/sub>\/R2<\/sub>) = (U3<\/sub>\/R3<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ee5t \u00e1p tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp s\u1ebd t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch 2: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u1eafc song song<\/span><\/h3>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc song song nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1\/Rtd<\/sub>) = (1\/R1<\/sub>) + (1\/R2<\/sub>) + (1\/R3<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ec9 l\u1eafp 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf song song th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Rtd<\/sub> = R1<\/sub>.R2<\/sub> \/ (R1<\/sub>+R2<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111i qua \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc song song nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

I1<\/sub> = (U\/R1<\/sub>), I2<\/sub> = (U\/R2<\/sub>), I3<\/sub> = (U\/R3<\/sub>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd: M\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ch l\u1eafp song song lu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng nhau.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch 3: \u0110i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf m\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do<\/span><\/h3>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1eafc n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 m\u1eafc song song.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 12 \u03a9 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1eafc song song hai \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 20 \u03a9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf 2 \u03a9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf. Hy v\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho b\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u00e0o th\u00ec h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ngay b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c inbox tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fac b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng!<\/span><\/p>\n

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