{"id":17583,"date":"2020-09-22T09:42:13","date_gmt":"2020-09-22T09:42:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=17583"},"modified":"2024-07-03T13:03:37","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T06:03:37","slug":"tong-hop-kien-thuc-ve-tu-dien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hocvienit.vn\/?p=17583","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n – \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ra sao? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean hay b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00ec h\u00e3y tham kh\u1ea3o ngay b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"T\u1ed5ng
T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

1. T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb hai b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m song song. Trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 C (Vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Ti\u1ebfng Anh \u201cCapacitor\u201d). \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n dung (Farad – Fara – F). Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb 1F l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Micro Fara (1\u00b5F = <\/span>10<\/span>-6\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>F), Nano Fara (1nF = <\/span>10<\/span>-9\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>F), PicoFara (1pF = <\/span>10<\/span>-12\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>F).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau hao n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf \u0111a n\u0103ng, l\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p xoay chi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p 1 chi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf pha \u00e2m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu \u00edch kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0110i\u1ec7n dung c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n dung c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

C = \u03b5r<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u03b50<\/sub><\/strong>*\u00a0<\/sub>S\/d<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n dung, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 Fara (F).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b5<\/strong>r<\/strong>\u00a0<\/sub>l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i (Hay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i (so v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng) c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b50\u00a0<\/sub><\/strong>l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ea9m (<\/span>0<\/span> \u2248 1\u00f7(9*<\/span>10<\/span>9<\/span><\/sup>*4*\u03c0) \u2248 8.854187817*<\/span>10<\/span>-12<\/span><\/sup>)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S<\/strong> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

d<\/strong> l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo th\u1eddi gian, \u0111i\u1ec7n dung c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong hai b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i. T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i m\u00e0 t\u00ean t\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0: T\u1ee5 gi\u1ea5y, t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m, t\u1ee5 h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng tham kh\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"C\u1ea5u
C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con t\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu con t\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb n\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n hai c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.1 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/h3>\n

– T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c:<\/strong> <\/a>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u00e2m (-) v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng (+) kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5 trong m\u1ea1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n DC n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1ee5 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 tantalum.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c:<\/strong><\/a> Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ef1c t\u00ednh n\u00ean ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i \u201ctho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i\u201d t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng AC l\u1eabn DC.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1 (Th\u1ea5p) \u00e1p v\u00e0 cao \u00e1p:<\/strong> D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 l\u1ecdc (Ngu\u1ed3n) v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c (Li\u00ean t\u1ea7ng):<\/strong> M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: L\u1ecdc v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c):<\/strong> \u0110a s\u1ed1 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n dung nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n trong m\u1ea1ch c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng hay dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.2 Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/h3>\n

– T\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m (T\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t):<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 do ch\u00fang c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng ceramic v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdc keo hay nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u. G\u1ed1m \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 COG, X7R, Z5U\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m \u0111a l\u1edbp:<\/strong> L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed1m. T\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cao t\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p cao h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m \u201cth\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d kho\u1ea3ng 4 – 5 l\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 gi\u1ea5y:<\/strong> L\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1 nh\u00f4m ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfc c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp gi\u1ea5y t\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 mica m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng:<\/strong> T\u1ee5 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i l\u00e0 mica nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o hay nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 c\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng (Thin film) nh\u01b0 Mylar, Polycarbonate, Polyester, Polystyrene (\u1ed4n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t 150 ppm\/C).<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 b\u1ea1c – mica:<\/strong> L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n mica c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng. \u0110i\u1ec7n dung t\u1eeb v\u00e0i pF \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i nF, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t b\u00e9. T\u1ee5 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho cao t\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> L\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 dung m\u00f4i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec7n dung cao v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao cho t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 v\u1ecf nh\u00f4m b\u1ecdc nh\u1ef1a th\u00ec c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ee5 nh\u00f4m.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 si\u00eau h\u00f3a (Super Chemical Capacitance):<\/strong> T\u1ee5 n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n t\u1ee5 nh\u00f4m h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng Farad). Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ee5 si\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n pin c\u1ea5p cho vi x\u1eed l\u00fd hay c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 (Clock) y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 h\u00f3a sinh:<\/strong> Hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cSi\u00eau t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho pin trong vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed di \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ee5 h\u00f3a sinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng alginate c\u00f3 trong t\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3n n\u00e2u l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n dung m\u00f4i n\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u1eef si\u00eau l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m 15% sau m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 10.000 l\u1ea7n s\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 tantalum:<\/strong> T\u1ee5 tantalum c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n c\u1ef1c nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng gel tantal l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i. T\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nh\u1ecf.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ee5 vi ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u1ee5 xoay:<\/strong> Bao g\u1ed3m lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m, lo\u1ea1i mica v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kim lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Nh\u1eefng
Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

5. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng tham kh\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Nguy\u00ean
Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u00ec nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u00f3ng n\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c electron v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng n\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u1eafc quy \u201cmini\u201d v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1eafc quy c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch electron nh\u01b0 \u1eafc quy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u00f3ng n\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nh\u1edd t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n xoay chi\u1ec1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd x\u1ea3 n\u1ea1p t\u1ee5 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi ta c\u1eafm n\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea3 t\u1ee5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ea3n m\u1ea1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean theo th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n do d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

6. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf khi in th\u00f4ng tin l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n iT.vn s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.1 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn, ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

6.1.1 \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n dung l\u00e0 Fara (F). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb:<\/span><\/p>\n

1 \u00b5F, uF (Microfarad) = <\/span>10<\/span>-6\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>farad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1 mF (Millifarad) = <\/span>10<\/span>-3\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>farad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1 nF (Nanofarad) = <\/span>10<\/span>-9\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>farad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1 pF, mmF ho\u1eb7c uuF (Picofarad) = <\/span>10<\/span>-12\u00a0<\/span><\/sup>farad.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6.2.2 C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u ghi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n. Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i vi\u1ebft hoa.<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u201cfd\u201d th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb farad. Cho n\u00ean n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p \u201cmfd\u201d th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cmf\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i nh\u01b0 “475m”, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi \u0111i\u1ec7n dung sai ho\u1eb7c ghi kho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n dung. Cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n dung c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

6.2.3 Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

N\u1ebfu tr\u00ean t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ed1ng th\u00ec nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ghi th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 v\u00e0i k\u00fd t\u1ef1 theo sau nh\u01b0 V, VDC, VDCW, ho\u1eb7c WV.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/span><\/p>\n

1 kV = 1000 v\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

2E = 250 v\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 th\u00eam n\u00e0o th\u00ec h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee5 v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p th\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ea1ch xoay chi\u1ec1u th\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef VAC.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa \u00fd: KH\u00d4NG N\u00caN s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u an to\u00e0n khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho xoay chi\u1ec1u.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

6.2.4 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean t\u1ee5<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u (+) v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u (-) \u1edf g\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n t\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u00e2m. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u n\u00e0y th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1ch m\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh v\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c \u00e2m (\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c nh\u00f4m – T\u1ee5 h\u00f3a nh\u00f4m) hay bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c tantalum – T\u1ee5 h\u00f3a tantalum).<\/span><\/p>\n

6.2 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf<\/span><\/h3>\n

H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n EIA khi t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u1ec3 ghi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n dung. C\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf (T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0m t\u1eeb g\u1ed1m, phim ho\u1eb7c tantalum) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb picoFarad (pF). C\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (T\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f4m h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i hai l\u1edbp) th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb microfarad (uF ho\u1eb7c \u00b5F).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Ki\u1ec3m tra 2 k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng hai ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 theo sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hai ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n dung.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong hai k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng B\u01b0\u1edbc 4.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ba k\u00fd t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp sang B\u01b0\u1edbc 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd: N\u1ebfu sau \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e3 dung sai ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: D\u00f9ng ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0m s\u1ed1 l\u0169y th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a 10<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 ba ch\u1eef s\u1ed1, ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba n\u1eb1m trong kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 th\u00ec ta l\u1ea5y 2 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 0 \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 452 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 4500.<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 8 th\u00ec ta nh\u00e2n 2 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi 0,01. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 278 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 27 x 0,01 = 0,27.<\/span><\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 9 th\u00ec ta nh\u00e2n 2 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi 0,1. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 309 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 30 x 0,1 = 3.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: \u0110\u1ecdc m\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t trong hai k\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u00ec ta chia ra th\u00e0nh ba kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– M\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u201cR\u201d: Thay th\u1ebf ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u201cR\u201d b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 4R1 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 4,1pF.<\/span><\/p>\n

– M\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a ch\u1eef c\u00e1i p, n ho\u1eb7c u: Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng. Ta thay ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 5u3 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 5,3uF.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p hai m\u00e3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 1A253 th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 1A l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p c\u00f2n 253 l\u00e0 m\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec7n dung.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: \u0110\u1ecdc m\u00e3 dung sai tr\u00ean t\u1ee5 g\u1ed1m<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb dung sai th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i sau ba ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 trong m\u00e3 \u0111i\u1ec7n dung. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n dung sai th\u00ec h\u00e3y tham kh\u1ea3o m\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ed5i sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– B = \u00b1 0,1 pF.<\/span><\/p>\n

– C = \u00b1 0,25 pF.<\/span><\/p>\n

– D = \u00b1 0,5 pF (Cho c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 pF, ho\u1eb7c \u00b1 0,5% cho c\u00e1c t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean 10 pF).<\/span><\/p>\n

– F = \u00b1 1 pF ho\u1eb7c \u00b1 1%.<\/span><\/p>\n

– G = \u00b1 2 pF ho\u1eb7c \u00b1 2%.<\/span><\/p>\n

– J = \u00b1 5%.<\/span><\/p>\n

– K = \u00b1 10%.<\/span><\/p>\n

– M = \u00b1 20%.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Z = + 80%\/-20% (\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng khi b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb dung sai n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi tr\u00ean t\u1ee5).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: \u0110\u1ecdc m\u00e3 d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i – s\u1ed1 – ch\u1eef c\u00e1i<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi theo d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i – s\u1ed1 – ch\u1eef c\u00e1i th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

– K\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u:\u00a0 Z = 10\u00baC, Y = -30\u00baC, X = -55\u00baC.<\/span><\/p>\n

– K\u00fd t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a: 2 = 45\u00baC, 4 = 65\u00baC, 5 = 85\u00baC, 6 = 105\u00baC, 7 = 125\u00baC.<\/span><\/p>\n

– K\u00fd t\u1ef1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n dung trong kho\u1ea3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cung c\u1ea5p \u1edf tr\u00ean: Kho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 A = \u00b1 1.0% \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 V = +22.0% \/ – 82%. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, R l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi R= \u00b1 15%.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tra c\u1ee9u m\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p EIA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem th\u00eam:<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 thay t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p v\u1ec1 t\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n